Kalimat aktif (active
voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan
pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat
dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih
sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice.
Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar,
artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice
digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih
penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
* Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
* Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
* Active : He meets them everyday.
* Passive : They are met by him everyday.
* Active : She waters this plant every two days.
* Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
* Active : He met them yesterday
* Passive : They were met by him yesterday
* Active : She watered this plant this morning
* Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
* Active : He has met them
* Passive : They have been met by him
* Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
* Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
* Active : He had met them before I came.
* Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
* Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
* Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
* Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
* Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
* Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
* Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
* Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
* Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
* Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
* Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
* Active : He would have met them.
* Passive : They would have been met by him.
* Active : She would have watered this plant.
* Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He is meeting them now.
* Passive : They are being met by him now.
* Active : She is watering this plant now.
* Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He was meeting them.
* Passive : They were being met by him.
* Active : She was watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He has been meeting them.
* Passive : They have been being met by him.
* Active : She has been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He had been meeting them.
* Passive : They had been being met by him.
* Active : She had been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He will be meeting them.
* Passive : They will be being met by him.
* Active : She will be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He would be meeting them.
* Passive : They would be being met by him.
* Active : She would be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh :
* Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
* Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
* Active : He meets them everyday.
* Passive : They are met by him everyday.
* Active : She waters this plant every two days.
* Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
* Active : He met them yesterday
* Passive : They were met by him yesterday
* Active : She watered this plant this morning
* Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
* Active : He has met them
* Passive : They have been met by him
* Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
* Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
* Active : He had met them before I came.
* Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
* Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
* Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
* Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
* Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
* Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
* Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
* Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
* Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
* Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
* Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
* Active : He would have met them.
* Passive : They would have been met by him.
* Active : She would have watered this plant.
* Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He is meeting them now.
* Passive : They are being met by him now.
* Active : She is watering this plant now.
* Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He was meeting them.
* Passive : They were being met by him.
* Active : She was watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He has been meeting them.
* Passive : They have been being met by him.
* Active : She has been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He had been meeting them.
* Passive : They had been being met by him.
* Active : She had been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He will be meeting them.
* Passive : They will be being met by him.
* Active : She will be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He would be meeting them.
* Passive : They would be being met by him.
* Active : She would be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’
passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He will have been meeting them.
* Passive : They will have been being met by him.
* Active : She will have been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He would be meeting them.
* Passive : They would be being met by him.
* Active : She would be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
* Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
* Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
* Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
* Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
* Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh:
* Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
* Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
* Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To be yang digunakan
1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)
Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
* Help the poor (active)
* Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
* It is time to send the letter (active)
* It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
* Don’t wait for me (active)
* You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
* This food tastes delicious (active)
* This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by that-clause
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
* We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
* It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
* I consider her very pretty (active)
* She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two objects
* He gave me a book (active)
* A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
* I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
* The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
* The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
* We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
* I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
* This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
* This wall needs painting.
Contoh:
* Active : He will have been meeting them.
* Passive : They will have been being met by him.
* Active : She will have been watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
* Active : He would be meeting them.
* Passive : They would be being met by him.
* Active : She would be watering this plant.
* Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
* Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
* Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
* Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
* Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
* Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh:
* Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
* Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
* Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To be yang digunakan
1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)
Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
* Help the poor (active)
* Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
* It is time to send the letter (active)
* It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
* Don’t wait for me (active)
* You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
* This food tastes delicious (active)
* This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by that-clause
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
* We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
* It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
* I consider her very pretty (active)
* She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two objects
* He gave me a book (active)
* A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
* I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
* The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
* The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
* We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
* I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
* This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
* This wall needs painting.
Ø
Jika
dalam kalimat subjek melakkan pekerjaan, maka kalimat subjek pasif subjuklah
yang dikenai pekerjaan.
Contoh :
Active : My mother sweeps the floor
Passive : The floor swept by my
mother
Active : Beethoven wrote this
piece
Passive : This piece was written
by betthoven
Active : My little brother wrote
this song this morning
Passive : This song was written
this morning
Active : He wants to bring the camera
Passive : He wants her to bring
the camers
Active : Nobody geve me money
Passive : I was given the money
by nobody
It is done / it was done
(passive)
A.
The Passive is :
|
Past participle
|
|||
|
presesent
past
|
am/is/are
(not)
Was/were
|
+
|
Cleaned done
Exported made
Damaged broken
|
The
past participle of regular verbs is –ed (cleaned/damaged, etc.). for a
list of irregular past participles (made/seen, etc.) , msee Appendixes 1
and 2.
·
Butter is made from milk.
·
Oranges are imported into Canada.
·
How often are these eooms cleaned
?
·
I am
never invited to parties.
·
This
house was built 100 years
ago.
·
These houses were built 100 years ago.
·
When was the telephone invented
?
·
I
wasn’nt invited to the party last week.
·
Six people were injured in the accident yesterday.
B. We
say was/were born :
·
I was born in Los Angles in 1974. (not “I am born”)
·
Where were you born ?
C. Passive
+ by..... :
·
We were woken up by the noise. (= The noise woke us up.)
·
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
·
My brother was bitten by a dog last week.
Sumber :
http://delseikdepalin.blogspot.com/p/kalimat-aktif-dan-pasif-voice.html
PT
Bhuana Ilmu Populer Kelompok
Gramedia Jakarta , 2010
Cambridge University Press 38, Raymond Murphy 1998, Basic
Crammar in USE.
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